Imbalances between excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA neurotransmitters, often caused by chronic stress, are central to these disorders, damaging neurons and disrupting neural regulation.

Neuroinflammation, driven by overactive microglia, plays a significant role in neuronal damage and the development of anxiety and depression.

Advances in neuroscience now focus on neural circuits—networks of interconnected neurons—rather than isolated brain regions, to better understand mood regulation.

The traditional monoamine hypothesis is being revised to include broader mechanisms like neuroplasticity, signaling pathways, and cellular growth, which contribute to neurotransmitter deficiencies such as serotonin.

Experts advocate for integrating advanced technologies, biomarkers, and cross-diagnostic strategies to develop more precise, personalized treatments for mental health conditions.

Current treatments often fall short for many patients, particularly those with resistant depression, highlighting the urgent need for a deeper biological understanding to enable personalized interventions.

The global prevalence of anxiety and depression has surged, affecting nearly 700 million people in 2021, with the COVID-19 pandemic playing a major role in this increase.

A comprehensive review in Science China Life Sciences synthesizes decades of research, emphasizing the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors in anxiety and depression.

Recent research underscores the critical role of the body-brain axis, especially the gut-brain connection, where imbalances in gut microbiota influence mental health through biochemical signaling.

A significant factor in depression is the overactivation of the lateral habenula, known as the brain's 'anti-reward center,' which offers new avenues for circuit-based therapies.

Overall, the review offers a detailed framework for future research and clinical practice, emphasizing targeted interventions based on individual biological profiles rather than one-size-fits-all treatments.

Specific circuit dysfunctions, such as hyperactivity in the prefrontal-amygdala circuit linked to anxiety and reduced hippocampus-nucleus accumbens activity related to anhedonia, are associated with symptoms.

Dysregulation of the HPA axis, with chronic cortisol overproduction, damages brain regions like the hippocampus, impacting memory and mood.

Mental health is interconnected with whole-body systems, including the liver, lungs, and bones, suggesting a holistic approach to treatment.