The transformation of carbon dioxide into carbonate rocks may have drastically changed Mars's climate, leading to cooling and aridity as the planet lost its greenhouse effect.

Despite the harsh conditions, there is speculation that potential pockets of liquid water may still exist underground on Mars, which could harbor life.

The ongoing research aims to return Martian rock samples to Earth to gain a deeper understanding of the planet's habitability and past conditions.

These significant findings have been published in the journal Nature, shedding light on Mars's geological history and its potential to support life.

The discovery of ancient life on Mars could suggest that the origins of life might be more common throughout the universe, while a lack of evidence would imply that life is rare.

These findings underscore the delicate balance required for life, resonating with scientists and global audiences amidst ongoing climate challenges on Earth.

Lead researcher Edwin Kite from the University of Chicago noted that while there were brief periods of habitability on Mars, they were rare and often followed by extensive desert conditions lasting up to 100 million years.

Kite explained that the carbonates found on Mars act as sponges for carbon dioxide, influencing the planet's climate over time.

As the sun's intensity increased, it initially raised Martian temperatures, resulting in precipitation and the locking away of carbon dioxide as carbonates.

However, Mars's volcanic activity is significantly lower than Earth's, disrupting the necessary balance to maintain a warm climate that supports liquid water.

NASA's Perseverance rover has discovered carbonates near dried-up lakes on Mars, suggesting the planet once had a wetter environment.

This quest to understand life on Mars also raises broader questions about the prevalence of Earth-like planets capable of supporting life across the universe.