Recent analysis of ancient birch tar samples from Alpine settlements dating between 4300 and 3500 BC has provided remarkable insights into Neolithic life, revealing that the tar was chewed by multiple individuals, some containing human DNA, which allowed researchers to determine the sex of the chewers.

Chemical and genetic analyses of these tar samples identified a diverse array of plant and animal DNA, including domesticated species like wheat and barley, wild taxa such as hazelnuts and beech, and psychoactive plants like poppy and flax, indicating a complex diet and cultural practices.

This groundbreaking discovery in the Alps involves small lumps of birch tar that offer new perspectives on prehistoric communities, especially those from the Neolithic period, highlighting their technological skills and social behaviors.

The study of these tar residues revealed sophisticated processing techniques, including multiple heating steps and the addition of substances like pine resin, demonstrating advanced technological capabilities among Neolithic populations.

A team from the University of Copenhagen, led by Hannes Schroeder and Anna White, developed a novel method to extract both genetic and chemical information from tiny fragments of birch tar, uncovering details about ancient people's diets, tools, and social practices.

DNA analysis from tools and arrow tips showed evidence of hunting land animals such as sheep and wild boar, as well as fishing activities indicated by fish DNA on arrowheads, suggesting that Neolithic people engaged in both land and water-based subsistence activities.

Analysis of the genetic material in tar samples suggested a possible gender-based division of labor, with male DNA predominantly found on tools and female DNA on pottery repairs, hinting at social organization and gender roles in Neolithic communities.