The Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS) has released its 2025 Space Threat Assessment, which highlights the increasing vulnerability of space systems to cyberattacks.

The report indicates that cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, such as ground stations and satellite terminals, demonstrate that space is now a contested battlefield rather than a sanctuary.

Iran and North Korea are ramping up their cyber espionage efforts against aerospace infrastructure, with Iran’s Peach Sandstorm campaign and North Korea’s phishing schemes specifically targeting military capabilities.

The assessment also discusses the evolving role of space in warfare, suggesting that future conflicts will extend into orbit, with potential disruptions mirroring terrestrial warfare.

The report warns that unverified exploits by attackers complicate assessments of damage, as many cyberattacks are only publicized by the attackers without confirmation from victims.

Russia's deployment of counterspace weapons and GPS jamming in conflict zones raises global tensions, with concerns about the development of nuclear anti-satellite capabilities adding to uncertainty.

While Russia has not disclosed its progress on nuclear anti-satellite capabilities, there are significant concerns regarding its intentions in the space domain.

Chinese and Russian satellites are exhibiting advanced maneuvering capabilities, which raises alarms about potential space warfare tactics.

China's dual-use technologies, such as in-space servicing and debris removal systems, pose risks of military applications and could lead to miscalculations during crises.

In response to China's military space expansion, U.S. Space Force leaders emphasize the need for preparedness for both offensive and defensive space operations.

In 2024, the European Repository of Cyber Incidents reported around 720 cyberattacks, with 57% targeting critical infrastructure, including five incidents specifically aimed at the space sector.

The CSIS report underscores the urgent need for countermeasures and international discussions to prevent escalation in the increasingly dangerous space domain.