Finding and analyzing water ice on the Moon could reveal its distribution and implications for the origin of Earth's water, while supporting future human presence and fuel production.

Research into the Moon’s dual-face geology—the nearside maria versus farside rugged terrain—could illuminate its formation and tidal locking history, including Earthshine-related hemispheric differences.

Artemis IV and later missions are expected to transform the Moon from a destination into a platform for broader solar system exploration, enabling new scientific questions and deeper understanding of rocky worlds.

New samples and magnetic measurements from diverse regions could clarify whether the Moon had a magnetic dynamo in the past, and how intense it was.

Artemis aims to return humans to the Moon and sustain a presence long-term, leveraging new samples and technologies to address long-standing lunar questions.

Upcoming missions aim to access deep materials and mantle fragments to better test the giant-impact hypothesis and reconstruct the chronology of the lunar magma ocean.

Scientists plan to determine whether the Moon is geologically active, map its internal structure (including whether the core is solid or liquid), and deploy a global seismic network beginning with the Lunar Environment Monitoring Station and the Farside Seismic Suite to study moonquakes and subsurface features.

Artemis II inaugurates a broader U.S. program to humanize the Moon with crews and robots, seeking to unlock major scientific mysteries about the Moon’s interior, origin, and volatiles.

The ongoing question of the Moon’s origin centers on the giant-impact theory involving Theia, and future missions with new mantle samples could test this scenario and refine our models of early lunar evolution.

A modern lunar seismic network, including farside deployments, will reveal the Moon’s internal structure and origin, filling gaps left by Apollo-era data and expanding knowledge with future Artemis landings.

A detailed mapping of the Moon’s internal structure is needed, and deploying advanced seismometers during extended exploration could refine models of the core, mantle, and residual heat.

Understanding why the Moon’s far side is more rugged than the near side remains open, with sample analysis from the far side helping to resolve its age, composition, and thermal evolution.