Some argue climate action must reshape production and consumption toward a new civilization aligned with the 17 SDGs and equitable development.

Reuters/AFP notes the high-stakes, last-stage negotiations amid tension between rhetoric and the complex diplomacy, with final agreement still uncertain.

News dated November 19, 2025, highlights the evolving state of negotiations as COP30 continues.

A new political agreement drafts to incorporate contentious issues like climate finance and trade-related measures, seeking input from both developing and developed nations.

The push for a broader transition includes land demarcation and forest protection, prioritizing communities historically affected by climate impacts.

Plans call for an initial draft political compromise early in the week, with a second set of decisions on less connected themes by Friday, the conference’s close.

Skepticism persists about meeting the 1.5°C target given current national plans, with resistance from major oil exporters and awareness that the next COP location and global dynamics will shape feasible agreements.

Experts warn that replacing the phase-out with workshops won’t prevent the worst impacts, reinforcing pressure for a concrete plan.

Developed nations seek enhanced mitigation and greater transparency, while developing nations press for stronger action and fair finance.

At COP30 in Belém, negotiations intensify around a firm global phase-out of coal, oil, and gas, with the EU pressing for ambitious action while Brazil’s Lula urges each country to exit fossil fuels at its own pace, without binding deadlines.

Key agenda items include requests to toughen climate plans, details on $300 billion in pledged climate aid, trade barriers tied to climate action, and greater transparency in reporting progress.

Brazil, hosting COP30, pursues an unconventional, four-forward approach—finance, transparency, trade, and NDC responses—with aims to resolve the toughest issues in a ministerial session midweek and handle lighter items later.

The talks reflect ongoing rifts between developed and developing nations over finance and policy measures, even as some movement appears.

A fresh draft agreement was anticipated early Wednesday but had not been released by mid-morning, with Tuesday’s initial version presenting conflicting scenarios and heightening disputes.

Finance and ambition for adaptation remain contentious, with questions about embedding adaptation finance in goals and whether commitments are sufficient.

Disagreements persist over embedding adaptation finance within goals versus keeping it separate, and over the Mitigation Work Program’s mandate to raise national ambitions.

Time pressure, procedural hurdles, and the risk of pushing tough issues to overtime threaten progress toward a meaningful agreement.

Transparency and accountability concerns persist as countries resist detailed measurement and reporting that could impinge sovereignty, even as data are seen as essential to track progress toward Paris targets.

Observers note a cleaner negotiating text with fewer brackets, which could enable momentum, though finance remains a critical, unresolved hurdle.

While the text shows progress, finance remains a central, unresolved obstacle to a substantive deal.

Developing countries, led by groups like G77 and China, demand stronger financial support, technology transfer, and a clear just-transition framework, while some developed nations resist expanding these mechanisms.

Disagreement over a global just-transition framework proposed by G77 and China, with developed countries resisting stricter financial and technical support mechanisms.

Draft texts cover climate-related trade measures, NDC synthesis, the 1.5°C ambition gap, Paris Agreement articles, the Global Goal on Adaptation, the Global Stocktake, and climate finance mechanisms like the Green Climate Fund and GEF.

Oil-producing groups, especially within the Arab bloc, oppose aggressive moves, and unanimity is required for any formal decision.